集合名词作主语时,谓语动词的选择主要取决于集合名词所表达的是整体概念还是个体概念,以及名词在语境中的具体含义。以下是几种常见的情况:
单数—复数型
这类集合名词有复数词尾变化形式,如:a class—classes;a family—families;a government—governments;an army—armies;a people—peoples等。当它们强调整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待时,单数形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
The government has decided to pass the bill.
There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
单数型
这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式。例如:humanity, mankind, proletariat等。当它们作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind.
In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
复数型
这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,即它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它们强调的是集体中的个体性。例如:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等。当它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。例如:
The police have caught the murderer.
Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
单复同形型
这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大,具体看语境,是强调集体还是个体。例如:
The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
The teaching profession claims (to be) badly paid.
建议
在实际使用中,需要根据集合名词的具体含义和语境来判断谓语动词的形式。如果集合名词强调的是整体性,通常用单数动词;如果强调的是个体性或集合中的成员,通常用复数动词。对于单复同形型的集合名词,可以根据具体语境选择合适的动词形式。